12/13/2023 0 Comments Black bee californiasonorina was introduced into the Marianas Islands, China, and Japan, but these introductions were not successful. Located in the Pacific Ocean, more than 2,000 mi (3,219 km) away from the closest landfall in North America, Hawaii's great distance from the Americas is thought to have been too large for natural biological dispersal to succeed, and it has been suggested that it is likely humans aided X. sonorina has been used as a pollinator of Passiflora edulis, a species of passion fruit. sonorina is currently found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands and in the Mariana Islands. sonorina was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands, but it occurred prior to 1874, when British entomologist Frederick Smith originally named the species, and X. Humans are thought to have helped the species colonize Pacific archipelagoes. The species is also one of 11 non-native bees in the U.S. sonorina are valleys and foothills with deciduous trees dominated by oaks. This species is primarily found in the southwestern part of the United States (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, and Utah) and adjacent parts of Mexico. Males possess a large thoracic gland that produce pheromones to attract females. Like most native bees, females are not aggressive, and will normally sting only when provoked, while the males do not have stingers. Smith's original description was:įemale.-Black head and thorax closely and moderately punctured the mesothorax smooth, impunctate and shining on the disk metathorax rounded behind abdomen shining rather finely punctured, most closely so at the sides above the pubescence entirely black, except that on the anterior tarsi beneath, which is ferruginous the claws of the tarsi ferruginous wings fusco-hyaline, with a darker cloud beyond the enclosed cells, and adorned with a bright purple and coppery iridescence. They are among the largest bees found in California and Hawaii, growing to around 1 inch (2.5 cm) in length. This was confirmed in 2020 using DNA analysis, and as the name sonorina has seniority, this is the valid species name. varipuncta would eventually be reclassified as a synonym of X. varipuncta, that had been named in 1879, and Roy Snelling predicted in 2003 that X. Timberlake claimed that the Hawaiian Xylocopa was the same as the mainland X. Perkins described the same species as Xylocopa aeneipennis, and in 1922, P. sonorina as meaning the Sunda Islands instead of the Sandwich Islands. Lieftinck showed that Smith's interpretation of the original specimen labels was in error: Smith had mistakenly read the label of X. sonorina came from the Sunda Islands, but in a paper published that year, M. sonorina in 1874 from specimens collected in Hawaii. Frederick Smith, Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Museum and member of the council of the Entomological Society of London, first described X. sonorina is one of three southwestern US species in the genus Xylocopa, which has 31 subgenera and 500 species worldwide. Females are black while males are golden-brown with green eyes. Xylocopa sonorina, the valley carpenter bee or Hawaiian carpenter bee, is a species of carpenter bee found from western Texas to northern California, and the eastern Pacific islands.
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